Title: A Comparative Study of Psychological Wellbeing, Personality, and Anxiety among Artists and Non-Artists.
Name of the learner: Mohit Kant Mishra
Enrolment no: 155508686
Name of the Supervisor: Dr. Upasana Chaddha
Regional Centre: Delhi 1
RC Code: 07
Code of Study Centre: 0707
Regional Director, IGNOU Regional Centre, Plot No. J-2/1 Block- B1 Mohan Cooprative Estate, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110044 Year: 2015-17
Introduction:
Artists are creative individuals who are keen observer. This is also because of their formal trainings which makes them to dive deep into themselves in order to come up with something novel for creative inventions. Artists are more sensitive, socially reserved, cool, aloof then non-artist (Csikszentmihalyi M. et al, 1973). They can notice and see things which non-artist may not. While on works, they are introvert in nature (Dutta et al, 1996), for the means of their expression they use other medium such as arts (Visual, Literary, Theatre, Dance, Music etc). Here sensitiveness becomes their a trait which causes artists being engaged constantly and they are projected as moody (unpredictable) people because they are busy most of the time because of their higher sensitivity level. Renaissance historian Vasari, who wrote that the artists he knew all shared an ‗element of savagery and madness‘ (1550, 1959 ed., p. 232). Hauser (1960, p. 325) suggests, above qualities have been held a necessary component of creativity.
Above characteristics of artists may also cause concerns about being happy, and securing a good life. If we talk about Psychological Wellbeing Personality and anxiety among artists, then we may not be sure, what kind of results will be found. As being distant from society and not abiding social norms (Csikszentmihalyi M. et al, 1973), in order to secure a good life especially social relationships may cause feeling of insecurity and stress. Also, in India, art field is unorganized and small in comparison of other fields, this may produce many challenges for individuals to establish themselves as a successful artists.
In order to study the Psychological Wellbeing, Personality Traits and Anxiety Level among artists and non-artists the study is going to administer some tests on the samples collected from two populations i.e. artists and non-artists from New Delhi. The test for Psychological wellbeing will provide artists‘ overall assessment of wellbeing, test for anxiety will predict whether artists are vulnerable to Neurosis or not and Personality test will inform whether the artists share the same personality traits or not.
Review of the literature:
In order to study the different variables among two populations i.e. Artists and Non-artists, first I must define who is an artist and who is a non-artist. For this study I set some criteria to define an artist which is based on the formal education or experience/participation in the field. Artist is an individual, who is having or had formal education in Fine Arts, or has been working in the art field for at least for six years. Above criteria has been set to avoid any kind confusion while considering someone an artist. There are more criteria which I could have used for this i.e. Creativity (I will talk about it more, later). But while setting the limit of formal education or minimum years‘ participation in the field, I have assumed that individuals with ‗creativity‘ would have found their way to nurture their creativity, to art institutions. (In other words, the two populations are divided on the basis of ‗kind of job they do‘, someone who does the job of art making is an artist and someone who doesn‘t do the job of art making is a non-artist.). As individuals‘ inclinations make them to select their profession, which happens what kind of personality they have the environment of their works also effects them back and intensify their personality (Robins, 1990).
Personality:
There are many definitions which defines personality. According to Allport "Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristics, behavior and thought" (Allport, 1961, p. 28).
―The characteristics or blend of characteristics that make a person unique‖ (Weinberg & Gould, 1999).
The above definitions define personality on the basis of uniqueness which is stable over the time and put up an idiographic view. They propose that at a certain point individuals can‘t be compared.
In nomothetic view the traits defines an individual. Traits represent a quality which also means that individuals are comparable on the basis of traits or combination of traits.
There is another way of understanding personality which is the influence of nature (genetics, biology) and nurture (environment, upbringing) on an individual. Sigmund Fraud‘s Psychodynamic theory talks about the interactions between the two in the term psychosexual development. People are self-indulgent and pleasure seeking, and seek pleasure to gratify Id‘s desire (Freud, 1920). The source of the pleasure if decided by the location of the life force: libido.
The tripartite theory of Freud defines the structure of the Psyche: Id, Ego and Super ego. The Id functions of the Pleasure principal and always seeks pleasure. As an individual grow the development of Ego begins and an individual understands the Reality principal and tries to satisfy his desires in socially accepted manner. Later the development of Super ego begins and knowledge about morals starts to gather. Super ego functions on moral principles. A healthy personality has a balance between the three. The Ego satisfies the Id’s desire in socially accepted manner while listening Super ego which tells all the related moral aspects (Freud,1923).
In Eysenck (1952, 1967, 1982) views personality is determined by the biological factors. Individuals inherit a nervous system which helps them to learn and adopt to the environment.
Based on his works from hospital in London. He found that there were different personality traits which he called first order personality traits. With the help of factor analysis he reduced behaviors to numbers of factors grouped together and called dimensions. Later he found that these behaviors can be represented by two dimensions: Introversion / Extroversion (E); Neuroticism / Stability (N). Eysenck called these second-order personality traits. Later he added one more dimension i.e. Psychoticism/Normality.
Cattell (1965) disagreed with Eysenck s approach of defining an individual‘s personality on the basis of three dimensions. He argued that to understand personality there are more factors to be studied.
Cattell collected the data through various sources whereas Eysenck collected data of hospitalized service men. Cattell also used a mathematical technique which is called factor analysis and came up with finding that 16 kinds to factors were common to all the individuals.
Maslow proposed a model called Hierarchy of needs. If our physiological needs are fulfilled we starve to fulfill our personal safety, if personal security is achieved we starve to achieve the sense of scrutiny. Then we starve of love and then the self-esteem and highest is self-actualization. Carl Rogers (1980), agreed with most of Maslow‘s proposition and believed that people and basically good and have urge to achieve self-actualization. Rogers also proposed that to grow one needs an environment of —genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.
In Bandura talked about Reciprocal determinism as the result of person-environment interaction. He said ―behaviours, internal personal factors and environmental influences, all operate as interlocking determinants of each other‖ (Bandura 1986, 2006).
Creativity:
Creativity is a unique human trait which allows to revisit past and imagine future. It also allows us to imagine something which is not physically present or doesn‘t exist at all. To define the creativity has been a challenging task. Guilford (1950) defined it in the terms of
Originality and Appropriateness or adaptiveness. Most of the psychologists have agreed to his definition.
Psychologists have proposed to that creativity can be divided into two parts i.e. Historical Creativity and Personal Creativity, which are also called Big C and Little C (Boden 2004). Historical creativity refers to such creative discoveries which changes the whole course of the civilization and everyone is benefitted by these discoveries. And when a discovery doesn‘t change things much because someone must have done it already, in this case it is called Personal Creativity and it‘s considered the source of amusement and pleasure. There is another concept which is called everyday creativity. Everyday creativity is manifested when someone makes his/her bed, decorates his/her room or cooks his/her food in good manner. Some psychologists also proposes the concept of Mini C which means how one makes the interpretations of objects and events and can form the basis for more substantial creative acts (Beghetto and Kaufman 2007).
Cognitive approaches, define creativity in the basis of the mental process which includes concept combination, expansion of concepts, imagery, metaphor, and divergent thinking. Divergent thinking is defined as the capacity to generate not just multiple possible solutions to the problem at hand moreover to find the solution which is vague and requires the processing to become viable. (Runco 2010).
Developmental approaches focuses on creativity from childhood and throughout the lifespan. The findings indicate relationship between emotions and creative play while childhood. The fantasy and imagination is correlated to divergent thinking in high school performance. (Russ 1993).
Artists:
There are several Psychologists and writers who have tried to define an artist and art: Art is the all-beautifier (Hegel), art sublimes sexual desires (Darwin, Spencer, Freud), art consciously transfers experienced emotions (Tolstoy), the artist is the creator of art and is proficient in and famous for a branch of art, the artist is capable of creating grand and exquisite sensual worlds (Arbabi, 1965). While thinking about art and artists both are thought interrelated phenomena. How could one make a beautiful painting such that it would carry no trace of thought and creativity? How could one make a film such that it would carry no trace of the values dominating his self? How could he compose a poem such that it would not reveal his true self? If proved otherwise, it could not definitely be referred to as" art" (Mahlooji, 1995).
In a study, creative people were found more emotionally unstable and prone to affective disorders such as depression and bipolar disorder and has higher incidence of schizophrenic tendencies (Andreason 1987 ).
In a study Csikszentmihalyi M. (1973), wrote, creative work can be produced by people with high sensitivity and self-sufficiency. Richards (1993) observed that students and teachers of art high schools display a greater degree of endurance for anxiety and overexcitement. Wakefiled (1992) in his study found that painters have a higher degree of divergent thinking. Paiker (1991) reported that, the personality traits in painters and ordinary people indicating that painters are introverts. Dutta et. al. (1996) found artists to be more introvert, independent and tender minded than others on Cattel‘s 16 Personality Factors. Rawlings et al. (2008) compared 31 fine art professionals with others and found that schizotypal and manic features (positive schizotypy and hypomania) were higher in professional artists and musicians. In West Germany, in a study Götz et. al.(1979) reported that both male and female artists scored higher on psychosis scale than non-artists. They also reported that male artists scored higher on neuroticism than non-artists.
Psychological Well-Being:
In recent years there has been focus on positive sides of individuals than focus on their negative side. One approach to this is conceptualization of Psychological Wellbeing (Seligman et at., 2000), which focus on positive properties (Ryff, 1995).
Concept of Psychological Wellbeing has been having several views. Some researcher have thought of it as fulfilment of life potential and happiness (Ryan, R.M. et al., 2008) some have thought of it as personal experience of individuals (Diener, E., et al., 1996)or the result of accomplishments (Diener, E., 2009)also the feeling of pleasure from fascinating activities (Chekola, M.1974).
In literature there are two points of view about measuring Well Being. First is the concept of Hedonism and second is Psychological Functionality (Eudaimonic) (Keyes, Shmotkin, & Ryff, 2002; Ryan & Deci, 2000). The concept behind Hedonism is that individuals set their own parameters to evaluate their satisfaction and happiness. And the perspective of psychological functionality focuses on self-realization and full functionality (Waterman, 1993).
For Ryff, psychological well-being is individuals having meaningful control over their life and activities. Psychological Wellbeing is about positive self-perception, positive relations with others, environmental mastery, autonomy, purpose in life and emotions inclined towards a healthy development rather than individual being free form stress and not having psychological problems(Ryff, 1995). Ryff, suggests to measure it on behalf of positive self-perception, positive relations with others, environmental mastery, autonomy, purpose in life and emotions inclined towards a healthy development (Ryff, 1995).
Anxiety:
Anxiety is define as apprehensive feeling regarding future though the threat is not present or clear but the individual feels anxious (Bouras N, 2007). Spielberger (1983), described is as ―psychological and physical response to treat a self-concept characterized by subjective, consciously perceived feelings of tension‖ (Spielberger, C.,1983). According to Harries (2003), anxiety is a human emotion consisting fear and uncertainty, which expresses itself when individuals come across to something threatening to ego or self-esteem (Harries et al 2003).
People are anxiety prone by genetic (disposition) reasons, environmental reasons (Barlow H, 2001). Anxiety disorders such as Phobia, Panic disorder and Obsessive behaviours may also be triggered by traumatic events, irrational hatred, proximity to particular situations etc.
Speilberger, (1966) claimed two kind of anxiety, state anxiety - a response to a specific stimulus or circumstances, trait anxiety – an intrinsic way to behave in terms of anxiety which is the part of the personality of the individual (Spielberger, C., 1966).
Normative anxiety is about being concerned about money, family, health etc. but anxiety disorders makes individuals extremely worried about things, and even getting out buying a small thing may make people very anxious. They may have negative perception of everything around them. (National Institute of Mental Health, 2013).
Richards (1993) observed that students and teachers of art high schools display a greater degree of endurance for anxiety and overexcitement. Hemsley at el (2006) in their study found that visual artists have more positive-schizotypy, neuroticism, openness, and divergent thinking. Götz at el (1979) found that both male and female artists scored higher on psychosis scale than non-artists. They also found that male artists scored higher on neuroticism than non-artists. In a study conducted by Andreason at el (1987), found that creative individuals are more emotionally unstable and prone to affective disorders such as depression and bipolar disorder and have a higher incidence of schizophrenic tendencies than other populations.
Clinical evidences have shown that presence of one kind of anxiety disorder raise the possibilities of other anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and substance abuse. It makes the treatment difficult to primary and secondary disorders and contributes to low remission and risk of suicide. (Nutt et al 2003; Simpson et al. 2010).
If anxiety is not treated it may cause several losses to individuals such as societal, financial, work, and relationships (Simpson et al. 2010). Untreated anxiety may also cause hypertension, coronary heart disease, nicotine addiction, alcohol dependence, depression, pathological anxiety disorders and suicidality (Emilien, et al 2002; Boden, et al 2006; Goodwin, et al 2004; Sonntag, at el 2000; Stein, et al 2001; Volgelzangs, et al 2010; Yan, et al 2010).
Creative people has been seen as anxious or restless people, which in certain cases fuelled their creative process. ―For as long as I can remember I have suffered from a deep feeling of anxiety which I have tried to express in my art. Without anxiety and illness I should have been like a ship without a rudder‖ (Edvard Munch).
Significance of the study:
‗Artists‘ is a population which has not been explored much. There is need to study this population. ‗Artists‘ as the word sounds intriguing, this notion maybe hiding many things which need to be brought to light. As the competition is becoming more intense to earn a livelihood, securing social relationships, and social status. This population is also trying to achieve above through their career. But, the art field is small and unregulated in comparison to other fields in India and gives very slow results. This population may be going through the stress, and anxiety because of uncertainty about their future.
This study tries to find to whether artists differ from non-artists on psychological wellbeing, personality traits, and anxiety level they have.
Methodology:
Research Problem:
A Comparative Study of Psychological Wellbeing, Personality and Anxiety among Artists and Non- Artists.
Objectives:
-To find out whether artists differ from non-artist on Psychological Well-Being Scale.
-To find out whether artists differ from non-artist on Big Five Inventory.
-To find out whether artists differ from non-artist on Beck Anxiety Inventory
Hypothesises:
H1- There is a significant difference between Artists and Non-Artists on Autonomy sub-scale of PWB.
H2- There is a significant difference between Artists and Non-Artists on Environmental Mastery sub-scale of PWB.
H3- There is a significant difference between Artists and Non-Artists on Personal Growth sub-scale of PWB.
H4- There is a significant difference between Artists and Non-Artists on Positive Relations With Others sub-scale of PWB.
H5- There is a significant difference between Artists and Non-Artists on Purpose in Life sub-scale of PWB.
H6- There is a significant difference between Artists and Non-Artists on Self-acceptance sub-scale of PWB.
H7- There is a significant difference between Extraversion Trait of Artists and Non-Artists.
H8- there is significant difference between Agreeableness of Artists and Non-Artists.
H9- There is a significant difference between Conscientiousness of Artists and Non-Artists.
H10- There is significant difference between Neuroticism of Artists and Non-Artists.
H11- There is significant difference between Openness to experience of Artists and Non-Artists.
H12- There is significant difference between Anxiety Level of Artists and Non-Artists.
Sampling:
Quota Sampling:
Quota sampling will be done for the research. The samples from the populations i.e. Artist and Non-Artist. Samples will comprise 45 Artist and 45 Non-Artists. The samples will form two groups Artists and Non-Artists. Further Artist‘s group will be divided into three groups. Matching will be done on the basis Socio-demographic variables.
Variables: Independent variable: Being Artist Dependent variables: Autonomy, Environmental Mastery, Personal Growth, Positive Relations With Others, Purpose in Life, Self-acceptance, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, Openness to experience, and Anxiety Level.
Research Type:
Cross Sectional Research Type:
Cross Sectional survey will be used to collect data from different types of groups in terms of being Artist, and Non-Artist. The two groups will be matched according to Socio-demographic variables.
Research Design:
Casual comparative Research Design:
A casual-comparative design is a research design that seeks to find relationships between independent and dependent variables after an action or event has already occurred. The researcher‘s goal is to determine whether the independent variable affected the outcome, or dependent variable, by comparing two or more groups of individuals.
Casual comparative research provides a viable form of research that can be conducted when other methods will now work. There are particular independent variables that are not capable of being manipulated, including gender, ethnicity, socio-economic level, education level, and religious preferences.
Tools of Data Collection:
Big Five Inventory (BFI, John and Srivastava, 1999):
The Big Five Trait Taxonomy was developed by O. P. John and S, Srivastava (1999). This scale measures an individual on the big 5 factors of personality (Goldberg, 1993). Each of the factors is then further divided into personality facets. The Big 5 factors are: Extraversion vs. Introversion, Agreeableness vs. Antagonism, Conscientiousness vs. Lack of direction, Neuroticism vs. Emotional Stability, and Openness vs. Closedness to experience. The BFI is a 44-item self-report inventory, 5-point questionnaire. It‘s a 5-point rating scale which ranges from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The internal consistency reliabilities were: mean α values were .77, .78, and .81 (Borroni et. al, 2011).
Psychological Well-Being Scale:
Developed by psychologist Carol D. Ryff, the 42-item Psychological Wellbeing (PWB) Scale measures six aspects of wellbeing and happiness: autonomy, environmental mastery, personal
growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance (Ryff et al., 2007; adapted from Ryff, 1989).
Respondents rate how strongly they agree or disagree with 42 statements using a 7-point scale (1 = strongly agree; 7 = strongly disagree).
Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI):
This scale is a self-report measure of anxiety.
Items: 21
Reliability:
Internal consistency for the BAI = (Cronbach‘s a=0.92)
Test-retest reliability (1 week) for the BAI = 0.75 (Beck, Epstein, Brown, & Steer, 1988)
Validity:
The BAI was moderately correlated with the revised Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (.51),
and mildly correlated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (.25) (Beck et al., 1988)
Statistical analysis technique:
If the distribution of the frequency is normally distributed the‗t‘ test for two independent samples will be used. If the distribution is not normally distributed than Mann-Whitney U test for two independent samples will be used.
Student ‘t’ test :
The t test for two independent samples, which is employed in a hypothesis testing situation involving two independent samples, is one of a number of inferential statistical tests that are based on the t distribution. Two or more samples are independent of one another if each of the samples is comprised of different subjects. In addition to being referred to as an independent samples design, a design involving two or more independent samples is also referred to as a between-subjects design, a between-groups design, and a randomized groups design. In order to eliminate the possibility of confounding in an independent samples design, each subject should be randomly assigned to one of the k (where k =2) experimental conditions. In conducting the t test for two independent samples, the two sample means are employed to estimate the values of the means of the populations, from which the samples are derived. If the result of the t test for two independent samples is significant, it indicates the researcher can conclude there is a high likelihood that the samples represent populations with different mean values. It should be noted that the t test for two independent samples is the appropriate test to employ for contrasting the means of two independent samples when the values of the underlying population variances are unknown.
Mann-Whitney U test:
Mann-Whitney rank sum test is a non-parametric analog of the two sample t test for the independent samples. The Mann-Whitney U test is a non-parametric test that can be used to analyse data from a two-group independent groups design when measurement is at least ordinal. It analyses the degree of separation (or the amount of overlap) between Experimental (E) and Control (C) groups.
The null hypothesis assumes that the two sets of scores (E and C) are samples from the same population; and therefore, because sampling was random, the two sets of scores do not differ systematically from each other.
The alternative hypothesis, on the other hand, states that the two sets of the scores do differ systematically. If the alternative is directional, one tailed, it further specifies the direction of the difference (i.e., Group E are systematically higher or lower that group C).
If the results of the Mann-Whitney are significant, it indicates there is a significant difference between the two samples medians, and as a result of the latter the researcher can conclude there is a high likelihood that the samples represent populations with different median values.
In employing the Mann-Whitney test;
a) The data are in rank order format, since it is the only format in which scores are available; or
b) The data have been transformed into rank order format from an interval ratio format, since the researcher has reason to believe that the normality assumption (as well as, perhaps, the homogeneity of variance assumption) of the ‗t test‘ for two independent samples (which is the parametric analog for the Mann-Whitney U test) is saliently violated.
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